Grade 11 • Term 1 • SY 2026–2027

Science,
made to click.

A complete, student-friendly reviewer for the Strengthened Senior High School Curriculum—packed with Taglish notes, real-life examples, memory tricks, and a 60-item mastery quiz.

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Master reviewer

Learn it week by week

Goal natin: alam mo ang concept, paano gumagana, at saan ginagamit sa real life.

W1–2 MotionW2–3 MachinesW3–4 FluidsW5–6 ElectricityW7–8 Light & SoundW9 PasteurW10 Chemicals

Weeks 1–2 · Translational & Rotational Motion

Motion & reference point

Motion is a change in position relative to a reference point over time. Sa bus, stationary ka relative sa seat—but moving relative sa road.

Translation

The whole object changes location: a walking learner, rising elevator, or sliding ball.

DistanceDisplacement
Total path; scalarStart-to-end change with direction; vector

speed = distance ÷ time

Example: 100 m in 20 s = 5 m/s. Add “east” and it becomes velocity.

Acceleration

a = (vf − vi) ÷ t

Acceleration happens when velocity changes: speeding up, slowing down, or turning.

10 m/s to 30 m/s in 5 s: a = (30−10)/5 = 4 m/s².

Rotation & torque

Rotation turns around an axis. Torque is the turning effect of force: τ = Fr

Taglish: Mas malayo sa pivot ang tulak, mas malaking torque. Kaya sa handle, hindi sa hinge, tinutulak ang door.
Exam trap: A rolling wheel has both translation (moves forward) and rotation (spins).

Weeks 2–3 · Simple & Compound Machines

Machines change the magnitude or direction of force. They do not eliminate work or create energy; they trade force for distance and convenience.

LeverWheel & axlePulleyInclined planeWedgeScrew

Levers: remember FLE

1st class: Fulcrum middle (seesaw). 2nd: Load middle (wheelbarrow). 3rd: Effort middle (forearm).

Work = Force × distance

50 N over 4 m = 200 J.

Performance

MA = output force ÷ input force

Efficiency = useful output ÷ total input × 100%

400 J useful from 500 J input = 80%.
Taglish: May energy loss as heat, sound, vibration, at friction—kaya real machines are never 100% efficient.

Weeks 3–4 · Physics of Fluids

A fluid can flow—both liquids and gases. Yes, air is a fluid!

Density & pressure

ρ = mass ÷ volume P = force ÷ area

200 g ÷ 100 cm³ = 2 g/cm³. A sharp knife has small contact area, so the same force produces greater pressure.
Taglish: Density means gaano ka-“siksik” ang matter sa given space.

Pascal & Archimedes

Pascal: pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted throughout it. F₁/A₁ = F₂/A₂

Archimedes: buoyant force equals the weight of displaced fluid.

Hydraulic jack: small effort → big lifting force. Ship: hindi “walang bigat”; its shape displaces enough water for buoyancy to balance weight.

Object density < fluid: floats · >: sinks · =: suspends

Weeks 5–6 · Utilization of Electricity

Current, voltage, resistance

Current (A) is charge flow; voltage (V) pushes charge; resistance (Ω) opposes flow.

V = IR P = VI E = Pt

12 V across 4 Ω: I = 3 A. A 220 V device drawing 2 A uses 440 W. A 1 kW appliance for 5 h uses 5 kWh.
Water analogy: voltage = pressure, current = flow. Higher wattage + longer use = higher consumption.

Circuits & safety

SeriesParallel
One path; same currentMultiple paths; current divides
One failure affects allBranches work independently

Homes use parallel circuits. A fuse melts once; a circuit breaker trips and can usually be reset.

Safety: Never overload sockets, touch devices with wet hands, use damaged wires, or attempt untrained repairs.

Weeks 7–8 · Understanding Light & Sound

Wave basics

Sound is mechanical and needs matter; it cannot travel through a vacuum. Light is electromagnetic and can cross a vacuum.

Frequency → pitch · Amplitude → loudness

wave speed = frequency × wavelength (v=fλ)

Do not swap pitch/frequency with loudness/amplitude.

Wave behaviors

Reflection: bouncing (mirror, echo). Refraction: direction changes as speed changes (bent-looking straw). Diffraction: spreading around barriers/openings. Interference: waves strengthen or cancel.

Noise-canceling headphones use destructive interference. Soft porous materials absorb sound better than hard smooth ones.

Applications: LEDs are efficient; lasers give concentrated coherent light; holograms use light interference; amplifiers strengthen electrical signals.

Week 9 · Louis Pasteur & Chemistry’s Impact

Swan-neck flask & germ theory

Boiled broth stayed uncontaminated because the curved neck admitted air but trapped dust and microbes. When microbes could reach it, contamination followed.

Taglish: Hindi basta sumusulpot ang microbes—may pinanggagalingan. This challenged spontaneous generation and supported germ theory.

Pasteurization

Controlled heating reduces harmful microorganisms in foods and drinks.

Pasteurization ≠ sterilization. Sterilization aims to remove or destroy essentially all microbial life.

Fermentation & vaccination

Pasteur showed microbes drive fermentation; yeast converts sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide—useful in bread and beverages.

His vaccine work included anthrax and rabies. Vaccines prepare the immune system to recognize specific infectious threats.

Big idea: Pasteur connected laboratory science to disease prevention, sanitation, food safety, and public health.

Week 10 · Household & Personal Care Chemicals

ProductSubstanceFunction
BleachSodium hypochloriteDisinfectant/whitener
VinegarAcetic acidFood/cleaning
Baking sodaSodium bicarbonateBaking/cleaning
Soap/shampooSurfactantsLift oil and dirt
ToothpasteFluoride compoundsHelp protect teeth

Use products wisely

Surfactants have water-friendly and oil-friendly parts, allowing oily dirt to wash away. The active ingredient provides the main intended effect.

Read ingredients, directions, warnings, storage instructions, and expiration date.

Taglish: “Chemical” does not automatically mean dangerous. Risk depends on identity, dose/concentration, exposure time, and route.

Never mix random cleaners

Mixing bleach with certain cleaners can release harmful gases. If the label does not say products can be mixed, do not mix them.

FDA: health/product safety · DTI: consumers/trade/standards · DENR: environment/pollution.

“Natural” is not automatically safe; “synthetic” is not automatically dangerous.

Fast recall

Formula cheat sheet

ConceptFormulaUnit / clue
Speedv=d/tm/s
Accelerationa=(vᶠ−vᶦ)/tm/s²
Torqueτ=FrN·m
WorkW=Fdjoule
Mechanical advantageMA=Fout/Finno unit
Efficiencyoutput/input ×100%percent
Densityρ=m/Vkg/m³ or g/cm³
PressureP=F/Apascal
HydraulicsF₁/A₁=F₂/A₂equal pressure
Ohm’s lawV=IRV, A, Ω
PowerP=VIwatt
Electrical energyE=PtJ or kWh
Wave speedv=fλm/s
Watch out

Common exam traps

Mass vs weight

Mass = amount of matter. Weight = gravitational force.

Distance vs displacement

Total route vs start-to-end change with direction.

Speed vs velocity

Magnitude only vs magnitude + direction.

Frequency vs amplitude

Pitch vs loudness.

Light vs sound

Light can cross vacuum; sound cannot.

Floating

Size alone does not decide; density, buoyancy, and displacement matter.

Machines

They do not create energy.

Pasteurization

It is not sterilization.

60-item challenge

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Before you begin

The quiz covers all seven learning blocks. You can answer at your own pace. Explanations appear after every response.